Astonishing/astounding

When something is astonishing or astounding, it causes great surprise or amazement. It overwhelms you because it is so impressive. In other words, astonishing/astounding carries a positive connotation, unless you are using the words in a sarcastic way.

• The psychologist pulled strings to enroll in one of these trials. She was, by nature, effortlessly persuasive, and her illness had made her bold. She enrolled in a Gleevec trial at a teaching hospital. A month later, her tumors began to recede at an astonishing rate. Her energy reappeared; her nausea vanished. She was resurrected from the dead (New York Times, October 29, 2010): Here, astonishing means amazing/impressive/great.

• Senator Donie Cassidy has apologised for saying it "wasn't easy for senators with families to get by on €65,000 a year". This was in response to Senator David Norris. Mr Norris said it was "astonishing" for any politician to have suggested €65,000 was hard to live on at a time when "people are losing their jobs, are living on the minimum wage of €8.60 per hour and cannot pay their mortgages" (Independent, October 30, 2010): This is a good example of how you can use astonishing in a cynical way. Note how the author put the word in quotation marks, clearly indicating that he is being sarcastic.

prevalent vs. prevailing

When translating ~한 여론이 우세하다/지배적이다, a lot of my students say "the prevalent opinion is that..."

However, prevalent means widespread/in general use/commonly accepted, 일반적인/널리 퍼진 in Korean. Depending on the context, it could mean having the superiority or ascendancy, but not always. Take a look at the following example:

• The company sponsoring the dot-xxx domain, the ICM Registry, said it had a vision of a red-light district in cyberspace that was a clean, well-lighted place, free of spam, viruses and credit card thieves. Content would be clearly labeled as adult and the whole neighborhood would be easy to block. Anyone offended by pornography could simply stay out...That did not satisfy religious groups that opposed the dot-xxx domains, fearing they would make pornography even more prevalent online (New York Times, June 25, 2010): Here, prevalent simply means commonplace. That is, it is not hard to find pornography online.
  

Prevailing means predominant or having superior influence, 우세한/지배적인 in Korean. When you are talking about an idea/sentiment/opinion that predominates a society, it is better to say prevailing than prevalent.

• Republican National Committee Chairman Michael Steele's most recent gaffe...has effectively eliminated any chance he might have had to return to his post after the 2010 election, according to a number of individuals close to the committee. However, those same sources insisted that Steele is likely to survive until the election...the source said, "the prevailing sentiment is that it's not worth the commotion with four months to the midterm [elections] and six months until a new chairman." (Chris Cillizza on Washingtonpost.com, July 6, 2010)

legitimate vs. legal

Legitimate means something is in accordance with established rules or standards, 정당한/타당한 in Korean. The established rules could be law, but not always. So being legitimate could imply lawfulness depending on the context, but that is not always the case.

• BP's CEO, Tony Hayward, has said the company will pay all "legitimate claims," well beyond the $75 million. But lawmakers have grown wary of the company's assurances as BP and other companies involved in the Gulf disaster have engaged in finger-pointing and resisted handing over video of the blown well. They are also worried about how BP will define "legitimate." (New York Times, May 25, 2010)

Here, legitimate means justified/genuine/reasonable, but not legal. Lawmakers are concerned because what a legitimate claim is in the Gulf oil spill case is not clearly defined by law, giving BP room for arbitrary liability.

• Make sure that he is the legitimate owner of the property you are about to purchase, as many cases of falsification of documents have been reported recently.
  

In this case, you could assume that legitimate also means legal/lawful, as real estate transactions are governed by law in most cases. When someone is a legitimate property owner, he or she must have acquired the property in a lawful way.

The following are some examples you might want to remember:

• illegitimate child: child outside of marriage
  
• illegal child (x)

• legal immigrants: immigrants who are in a country legally
• legitimate immigrants (x)

• legitimate copy: a copy that is authentic, not fake
• legal copy: a copy made in accordance with the law

• legal concerns: concerns that are related to the law
• legitimate concerns: justifiable and reasonable concerns
  

Higher Chances vs. Better Chances

This is a common point of confusion for many Korean students. While both "better" and "higher" mean "more ", they are not always interchangable.

"Higher" should be used for something that is objectively measurable by itself.

• e.g. Students from lower income families are more likely to drop out than students from higher income families.

"Better" should be used for something that isn't objectively measurable by itself.

• e.g. There are better chances of reaching an agreement through the six-party talks, rather than through unilateral diatribes.